Disaster in Franklin County Essay

The Role of Health Personnel and the Public Health Nurse General wellbeing faculty and general wellbeing attendants have numerous obligations in a calamity that are basic to an effective result for the network. Their principally center is around the security and strength of general society. The wellbeing work force will survey the community’s accessible assets by giving the vital help and recognizing their particular needs identified with the catastrophe. The social insurance work force additionally have the job of instructing the network and tending to any physical or psychosocial needs the network may have (Disaster in Franklin County: A Public Health Simulation, 2006). The wellbeing faculty will team up with the neighborhood wellbeing division to amass assets that are required during a catastrophe and facilitate with network administrations to guarantee the public’s fundamental needs are met. These administrations include social administrations, volunteers and salvage laborers (Disaster in Franklin County: A Public Health Simulation, 2006). The wellbeing work force issue wellbeing warnings and apportion assets to coordinate the necessities of the debacle. This could incorporate giving transportation to expel individuals from their homes during a flood. It is additionally basic that the wellbeing staff discusses viably with general society and media to give refreshed data on the most proficient method to acquire help, how to get fundamental necessities, potential wellbeing dangers and to console the individuals of Franklin that they are protected (Disaster in Franklin County: A Public Health Simulation, 2006). The open nurse’s job during a fiasco includes helping patients in the crisis cover for emergency treatment aptitudes and overseeing drug. Anyway more accentuation is being put on populace based general wellbeing and debacle readiness. General wellbeing medical caretakers have increased an expanded information about the community’s pattern wellbeing status, socioeconomics, condition and energizing assets. General wellbeing medical caretakers presently have an attention to helpless populaces in the network, who might be in danger in the midst of fiascos. This incorporates the old, impaired, psychological sickness and non-communicating in English inhabitants (Berman, Erb, Kozier, and Synder 2006). The general wellbeing attendant will direct way to entryway interviews. This is performed to finish a network appraisal to figure out who requires clinical consideration, who has any uncommon needs, for example, basic meds and clinical hardware (oxygen, nebulizer, and dialysis) and if the network has sterile food and water. The medical caretaker should likewise give basic instruction to help keep the open protected, for example, giving data about the nearby emergency call habitats for extra consideration and backing and neighborhood cover. The medical attendant can allude them to appropriate assets, for example, social laborers, instructors and safe houses (Disaster in Franklin County: A Public Health Simulation, 2006). Hierarchy of leadership The hierarchy of leadership that was utilized in the Franklin County reenactment incorporates the Incident Commander, Operations Section Chief, Medical/Health branch executive, Public Health Groups, Public Health Nursing Supervisor and the Public Health Nurse. The Incident Commander is the dynamic last power. The Operations Section Chief has theâ responsibility for dealing with all activities, regulating associations as per the occurrence activity plan and coordinates its execution. The Operation Section Chief likewise coordinates the readiness of operational arrangement, demands assets, rolls out catalyst improvements to the activity plan when essential and reports such to the episode authority (Wikipedia, 2013). The Medical/Health branch chief will coordinate, oversee and assess work exercises of clinical and nursing. General Health Groups will screen wellbeing status and recognize medical issues, by putting medical issues and wellbeing dangers in the network. They will assess the adequacy, openness and nature of individual and populace based wellbeing administrations. General Health Groups additionally create approaches and designs and uphold laws and guidelines to ensure the wellbeing and security of the network. The Public Health Nursing director is answerable for giving guidance and help to the Public Health Nurse and assessing their work (Wikipedia, 2013). The Public wellbeing medical attendant conveys straightforwardly to the County Public Health Director who is Zachary Burke. Zachary Burke works under the Operation Section Chief who is Rebecca Brower. Rebecca Brower legitimately addresses Chris Newhouse, who is the EOC Commander. The Public Health Nurse will likewise team up with different experts, for example, disease transmission experts, biostatisticians, earthy people, social specialists and such during a fiasco (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). The Community Nurse has numerous accessible assets to the Franklin people group when the person experiences a difficult that isn't inside her extent of training. A social laborer can help people who are encountering issues related with lodging, joblessness and funds. A social laborer can alsoâ refer people experiencing passionate trouble to an advocate. A natural Health Specialist can help keep up a protected situation by recognizing potential ecological issues, for example, a gas hole or compound spill. They can help instruct the network on wellbeing risks and discover answers for dispose of any danger to people in general by observing any potential perils or natural dangers to the network (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). The American Red Cross can give numerous assets that can help facilitate the community’s enduring brought about by a debacle. The American Red Cross offers a lot of crisis help, for example, covers, cleaning supplies, comfort units, medical aid, food, attire home fixes, family things, clinical supplies, crisis transportation and so on. The American Red Cross can likewise give referrals to the administration and different offices giving calamity help. Another asset that could profit the network is the Federal Emergency Management Agency. This association gives catastrophe help to people or families whose property has been harmed or demolished and whose misfortunes are not secured by protection. Activities by the Public Health Nurse The principal living arrangement that the medical attendant played out a way to entryway meet was a man named Matt Westlund. Matt Westlund starts to tell the Public Health Nurse that his storm cellar is overflowed and the rack in his shed had crumpled which made a wide range of synthetic concoctions spill. Mr. Westlund is looking for help on the most proficient method to tidy this substance mess up. The general Health nurture obligation is to look for help from an Environmental Health Specialist (EHS). The EHS will survey and decide the most fitting approach to tidy up the house held dangers squander. The medical caretaker must demand that Mr. Westlund doesn't endeavor to tidy up this chaos and to hold up until the Environmental Health Specialist shows up. The Public Health Nurse must give Mr. Westlundâ with data with respect to how to tidy a flood up (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). The subsequent occupant is ladies named Susan Fuhr. Susan is incredibly disappointed and irritated. This family is at present without the essential supplies, for example, power, diapers, water and infant equation. The Public Health medical attendant can give Mrs. Fuhr the choice for her family to remain at a sanctuary for a couple of days where there are hot dinners, power and bounty different supplies. In the event that Mrs. Fuhr will not go to the asylum she would then be able to allude them to social administrations. A social laborer can help give the Fuhr family the best possible assets to support Mrs. Fuhr deal with her infant and the Public Health Nurse can furnish them with multi week of provisions (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). Rosario Alvarez is a Spanish talking lady who couldn't respond to the nurse’s questions as a result of a language obstruction. Mrs. Alvarez requires Spanish materials on safe food, water and a generator. As of now there is no earnest issue that should be tended to. The Public Health Nurse can organize an interpreter to make an encounter with this family inside seven days to address wellbeing in regards to food, water and the generator (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). Jason Fugate has a past filled with hypertension and presently came up short on circulatory strain drugs. The Public Health Nurse’s need is to discover Mr. Fugate’s clinical history and to take his pulse. On the off chance that his systolic circulatory strain is more noteworthy than 150mmHg, Mr. Fugate will be encouraged to leave his home and go to the asylum where his antihypertensive medicine can be controlled. Since Mr. Fugate pulse is 112/73, I would mastermind his prescription to show up by the following day (Disaster in Franklin County a Public Health Simulation, 2006). It is significant that Mr. Fugate is educated on hisâ options and permits him to settle on his own choice. Mr. Fugate must be taught on the signs and indications of hypertension and when to look for clinical consideration. The open attendant should likewise ensure that he has the fundamental things, for example, clean water, food, power and a working telephone line in the event of a crisis. It is significant that the medical attendant will catch up with all occupants to ensure their issues were tended to. Tending to the community’s fears After the calamity, the network nurture must be eager to give physical and enthusiastic solace to all the occupants of Franklin County. The inhabitants will experience the ill effects of tension, dread, distress and post-awful pressure issue. The people group will be grieving the loss of theirâ loved ones and the loss of their resources, for example, their homes and loved things, for example, pictures. It is significant that the network nurture offers direction and backing to these families by offering assets and making referrals explicit

The Fault in Our Stars free essay sample

She is a tall multi year old with short edited reddish-brown hair, a reasonable composition, green eyes, and steroidal round face shape. She is frequently contrasted with look like Natalie Portman in â€Å"V for Vendetta. † Since Hazel is determined to have thyroid malignancy, which has violated her lungs, she is compelled to convey an oxygen tank with her any place she goes. She will in general circle the plastic tubing around her ears, and drags the oxygen tank around in a little truck. Her old neighborhood is in Indianapolis, Indiana. In spite of a supernatural occurrence exploratory treatment called Phalanxifor, she is nothing near being restored. Hazel does things ordinary youngsters do: she drives, goes to classes, and feigns exacerbation at her folks. Be that as it may, she is bound to a versatile oxygen tank, she frequents the crisis room, and she has no clue to what extent her life will last. Her character is portrayed as wry, smart, and a pragmatist. We will compose a custom paper test on The Fault in Our Stars or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Her most grounded character characteristic is her mocking nature. She would live regular practically ridiculing and provoking the ailment she lives with, â€Å"I didn’t disclose to him that the conclusion came three months after I got my first period. Like: Congratulations! You’re a lady. Presently kick the bucket. † (Green, 84. ) She additionally is incredibly insightful. â€Å"I accept the universe needs to be taken note. I think the universe is unrealistically one-sided toward the cognizance, that it rewards knowledge to some degree on the grounds that the universe makes the most of its polish being watched. Also, who am I, living in history, to tell the universe that it-or my perception of it-is brief? † (Green, 168. ) Because of her fight with malignant growth, she sees the world at face esteem, underestimating nothing. â€Å"The world isn't a desire giving manufacturing plant. (Green, 96. ) in the first place, Hazel Grace Lancaster, a sixteen-year old young lady with terminal disease was pulled out of school at thirteen years old and once in a while associates with individuals her age. In the wake of being determined to have clinical despondency, she joins a care group for kids enduring with malignancy where she meets and in this way experiences pa ssionate feelings for Augustus Waters, a seventeen-year old kid going away from osteosarcoma. They rapidly become a close acquaintence with one another and Hazel acquaints Augustus with her preferred novel, An Imperial Affliction by Van Houten. Hazel’s endeavors at reaching Van Houten have been vain, however Augustus figures out how to get an email from their dearest creator, who welcomes them to visit his home in Amsterdam. In the story, Hazel and Augustus fly to Amsterdam, be that as it may, Van Houten isn't what they anticipated that him should be. He introduces himself as an inconsiderate heavy drinker. The youngsters wind up rankled by his discourteous aura and leave his home. In any case, inconvenience mixes when the couple come back to Indianapolis, and Augustus experiences a PET output which uncovered new tumors. In the rest of the long stretches of his life back in Indianapolis, Hazel sees Augustus gradually decaying and starts to separate intellectually lashing at her folks and keeping away from companions. Around eight days before his demise, Augustus requests to have a memorial service that he can join in, so Hazel and a couple of other malignant growth patients share their commendations with Augustus. At the point when Augustus at last passes on, Hazel is squashed, however she finds a mystery letter that Augustus had kept in touch with her, depicting his adoration for her. In spite of the fact that there are many shrouded subjects in this novel, anyway the most evident one is love. In spite of their malady, their relationship and aspirations blossom with. They don't peruse like terminal patients, yet they are characters the peruser can identify with †and consequently it is inconceivable not to shape an enthusiastic connection to them. Towards the beginning of their relationship, Augustus says, â€Å"You understand that attempting to stay away from me won't decrease my friendship for you. All endeavors to spare me from you will come up short. † (Green, 42. ) When they were in Amsterdam, Augustus admitted his affection to Hazel, â€Å"I’m in adoration with you, and Im not in the matter of denying myself the straightforward joy of expressing genuine things. Im in affection with you, and I realize that adoration is only a yell into the void, and that obscurity is inescapable, and that were completely bound and that there will come a day when all our work has been come back to residue, and I realize the sun will swallow the main earth well have, and I am infatuated with you. † (Green, 227) Finally, during Augustus’s pre-burial service, Hazel recounts a commendation, delineating her affection for him,† There are vast numbers somewhere in the range of 0 and 1. Theres . 1 and . 12 and . 112 and an unbounded assortment of others. Obviously, there is a greater interminable arrangement of numbers somewhere in the range of 0 and 2, or among 0 and a million. A few boundless qualities are greater than different vast qualities. An author we used to like instructed us that. There are days, a considerable lot of them, when I dislike the size of my unbounded set. I need a larger number of numbers than Im liable to get, and God, I need a bigger number of numbers for Augustus Waters than he got. Be that as it may, Gus, my affection, I can't disclose to you how appreciative I am for our little vastness. I wouldnt exchange it for the world. You gave me an eternity inside the numbered days, and Im thankful. As terrible as it would sound, my preferred piece of the book was when Augustus passed on. It tied all the remaining details in the novel and caused you to sympathize with Hazel’s misfortune. The creator caught the voice of youngster culture, yet additionally really put resources into the lives of the two youthfu l heroes. Green’s composing writing truly carried me to tears, leaving me with an unexplainable feeling of both vacancy and completeness. The Fault in Our Stars is the knd of book that submerges you inside its story when you read the main page. This is miles from any commonplace high schooler fiction novel; no words I could string together would ever do equity to how absolutely astonishing this book is. Once in a while, you read a book and it fills you with this odd outreaching energy and you become persuaded that the broke world will never be assembled back except if and until every living human read the book. The Fault in Our Stars is unquestionably one of those books. Green, John, and Irene Vandervoort. The Fault in Our Stars. New York: Dutton, 2012. Print. The Fault in Our Stars free exposition test The Fault in Our Stars can be deciphered to have many concealed implications. One of the most neglected and clouded implications being unforeseen occasions. All the more explicitly, John Green will lead the peruser on to one thing before confusing them. Green uses his insight into imagery, symbolism, lingual authority, and similitudes to expand on this thought. To start, John Green uses what is by all accounts his preferred composing instrument, imagery, so as to push his general subject of unforeseen occasions. He frequently alludes to the dim cigarette between Augustus’s lips (20). This shows up, as indicated by Hazel, to be Gus’s hamartia. She thinks he has a lethal blemish until he clarifies the similitude behind it. This is the first run through the peruser witnesses Green’s unforeseen occasions. Hazel Grace first feels â€Å"disappointment and anger† until she becomes more acquainted with Gus, and she in the end develops to appreciate the images. This difference in heart isn't normal by the peruser, and at first makes a feeling of disappointment in Augustus Waters. We will compose a custom paper test on The Fault in Our Stars or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The plot rapidly takes a turn in support of him, however, as the peruser gets familiar with him. Green likewise utilizes different devices to develop his general topic. Another way Green uses imagery in The Fault in Our Stars is through his steady reference to An Imperial Affliction. Hazel and Gus talk about the novel for a reasonable part of the story, making references to the abrupt finish of the book. They talk about how they couldn't imagine anything better than to know how it closes, yet would never discover. For example, their underlying discussion about An Imperial Affliction, Augustus says †I surmise Anna died† (53). A supposition is all we need to give. Green keeps on demonstrating this in comparative manners, continually reminding the peruser that life, much the same as a book, can end with no notice. Next, a great deal of thought went into the author’s utilization of symbolism. This thought is utilized a few times in the novel to show that things can happen when you wouldn't dare hoping anymore to. For instance, Gus and Hazel appear to make some extraordinary memories in Amsterdam until out of the blue, Green uncovered the way that Gus had been analyzed (once more) with malignant growth (214). Gus tells Hazel, and she is clearly visually impaired sided. This is one of the most clear examples where John Green really shows us the topic of surprising occasions. Additionally, Green uses extraordinary word usage so as to express what is on his mind. By the center of the novel the peruser feels an association with both the primary characters, and gets an inclination for how they talk. Hazel frequently utilizes ordinary young words, similar to when she says she has â€Å"lungs that suck at being lungs† (29). Augustus generally utilized progressively raised language, until the time had come to state something genuine. This is one way Green really alluded to an enthusiastic piece of the story. Gus would once in a while quiet his sense of self, slow down, and utilize ordinary language. These eruptions of unremarkableness would as a rule be trailed by awful news, for example, his determination on page 214. The unique activities of Gus would lure the peruser to anticipate something, however not part with the data. The utilization of allegories is likewise exceptionally clear in the book, yet the peruser may not generally comprehend what they mean. The finish of the story is a sort of â€Å"aha† second where they all appear to meet up. The completion of An Imperial Affliction, for instance is an all-encompassing allegory forever. Hazel expects she is the â€Å"s

Alum FAQs

Alum FAQs Hello again, you beautiful goobers. I guess this is not really so extraordinary of an appearance, seeing as I might’ve abused my powers as a blogger took advantage of another MIT-related communications outlet to tell you all about my life not that long ago. In fact, the time between my last post and this one is really not that much longer than the time between my posts when I was an actual undergrad blogger. That is probably a sub-optimal thing. But now I’m back, with a little less self promotion, to join in on the blogs’ 10th birthday festivities. And while I hardly have any claim to sage introspection quite yet, I did compile an assumptive FAQ section. Away we go! Who are you? Sigh. It’s only been a year since I’ve graduated, guys… Elizabeth, Course 20 class of 2013, lived in Simmons Hall. What have you been up to the past year? Ladies and gentlegoobers, I had my First Year. My First Year Out Of School. I worked part-time for Admissions and have been doing my full-time gig for the Office of Digital Learning. What does your typical day look like? Mostly fart around. (But really, I’ve spent the last two days working on a script for an episode on the biochemistry of farts. So, you know. Grown up stuff.) Wake up. Attempt to run (read: literally drag myself around my neighborhood because ) Walk to work. It really depends on the day, since I do production and communications stuff for Science Out Loud, but I work on program development as well.  So sometimes I sit in a cubicle 9-5 by myself without speaking to another human being, and sometimes I am in a single-occupancy bathroom with 5 other people filming for all morning before shooting lasers in the afternoon and turbine engines in the evening. And then I tell myself that Im going to go home and work on a side project, but end up watching House of Cards with the boyfriend on his janky couch that is somehow missing 60% of its stuffing. ^Cast and crew. What is your favorite part of your job? A few things: 1. I get to learn about so many things everyday. Especially when it comes to script development with the students I’ve learned about humanoid robots, skydiving, exoplanets And lot about understanding education in our country. Also farts. I have learned so much about farts in the last two days. 2. The job is high accountability but also high autonomy. This is also simultaneously my least favorite part of the job. 3. Hopefully what I’m doing will help kiddos realize that science isn’t just for the old white dudes in ivory towers. Do you miss being in college? Nope. College, high school, grad school, all the chapters of your life these are all meant to be temporally-finite experiences. In fact, I made a really conscious effort when I returned to MIT last fall (after spending the summer at home), to make sure that I wasn’t just hanging around old haunts* for the sake of familiarity and comfort. Made new friends in Boston, explored the city. There were things I still wanted to keep close, like playing in the Chamber Music Society and staying in contact with my peeps, so I did. But I definitely feel like life threw me an easy one and let me tiptoe into adulthood enough challenges to help me grow, but enough familiarity to help me stand on my own two feet while I do. It is a little weird sometimes… I distinctly remember walking through the Infinite Corridor for the first time the fall after graduating, seeing all the students, and thinking to myself,  I am not one of you. But at the same time, it’s been a really amazing thing to have all these new experiences and have MIT mean something entirely different and new to me. Im very, very thankful for the chance to have it mean something different to me. For all that’s different, a lot hasn’t changed. I’ve found myself plagued with the classic MIT I-Want-To-Do-It-All syndrome even more intensely since graduating because I assume that I have so much more free time without p-sets. Spoiler alert: I dont. And at this point it all goes to House of Cards anyway. *Insert generic library/MIT nerd joke here. Is is weird seeing this other side of MIT in your staff roles? Yes. I have seen how the sausage is made. No place is perfect, and MIT is certainly NOT without many flaws. But and I can only speak from an Admissions and Digital Learning/working with profs standpoint I’ve been struck and impressed by the amount of integrity with which people try to operate around these parts. How is your brother doing? Oh, this kid? He’s going to be in SEVENTH GRADE. Can you believe it?! He lip-synced an ABBA song at camp this summer, so Ryan is kickin’ butt, as usual. (This year was Ryan’s first year at camp and my last one as a counselor.) Is the Admissions blogger gig as life-changing as the cruft are making it seem? tl;dr Yes. I could write a novel about how much it changed my life and how precious all of these people (including Admissions folks who are non-bloggers) are to me. On a more practical side: got hired as a blogger - started making videos for fun - started making videos more seriously and taking video classes - started talking to a producer while helping make Pure Imagination  who introduced me to - CEO of production company and interned with him - learned about science television - got me my current job What advice do you have for MIT kids now that you’re out and have experienced the Institute from a non-student perspective? Dont forget to mind your manners while youre saving the world. Also, I will echo Nance and remind you that, like wearing Spandex, college is a priviledge and not a right. Whats Your Plan? Hahahahahahaha ask me tomorrow Do you have anything more sentimental to say? Oh come on. Enough tears were shed from Ben’s post anyway. But here are some things I wrote back in the day. Advice, please! How do I life? Hope your road is a long one.

University of Maiduguri with Disciplinary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2510 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Garba v.University of Maiduguri with Disciplinary issues in Tertiary Institutions Introduction A watershed moment in the landscape of the nations judicial decisions took place in the last century in the case of Garba v.University of Maiduguri[1] Where the Supreme Court laid down a marker in respect of disciplinary issues in our tertiary institutions, and the limits and otherwise of the powers of institutions to punish erring students. The decision has been the subject of criticism, and it has been subjected to several scrutinies through several cases which has besieged the courts over the years. This article will attempt to reconcile disciplinary issues in the tertiary institution and the ropes that bind the various bodies that can prescribe the required punishment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "University of Maiduguri with Disciplinary" essay for you Create order Salient points were raised by the Supreme Court in this case on rules of natural justice and the fact that an offence which amounts to a crime punishable by a court was not within the remit of a university disciplinary board to pass punishment, until a court has first done so. The question is would the decision of the Supreme Court be different had the rules of natural justice being observed, and if the proper channel of judicial punishment had be carried out in the first instance. Indeed some commentators[2] had stated that the Supreme Court decision raises concern as to the proper limit of all University disciplinary functions, the rights of an aggrieved student and the proper nature of judicial intervention in the domestic sphere. Is there a limit to the scope of disciplinary issues a tertiary institution can handle vis-ÃÆ'  -vis the enormity of the offence? This article will attempt to proffer answers to these questions. The Facts and principles laid down in Gar ba v.University of Maiduguri The extant law or enabling statute of most Universities have similar provisions that for the discipline of student. Section 18 of the University of Maiduguri Act[3] 1979 is here reproduced. It provides: (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, where it appears to the Vice-Chancellor that any student of the University has been guilty of misconduct, the Vice-Chancellor may, without prejudice to any other disciplinary powers conferred on him by statute or regulations, direct- (a) that the student shall not, during such period as may be specified in the direction, participate in such activities of the University, or make use of such facilities of the University, as may be so specified; or (b) that the activities of the student shall, during such period as may be specified in the direction, be restricted in such manner as may be so specified; or (c) that the student be rusticated for such period as may be specified in the directi on; or (d) that the student be expelled from the University. (2) Where a direction is given under subsection (1) (c) or (d) of this section in respect of any student, the student may, within the prescribed period and in the prescribed manner, appeal from the direction to the Council; and where such an appeal is brought, the Council shall, after causing such inquiry to be made in the matter as the Council considers just, either confirm or set aside the direction or modify it in such manner as the Council thinks fit. (3) The fact that an appeal from a direction is brought in pursuance of the last fore- going subsection shall not affect the question of the direction while the appeal is pending. (4) The Vice-Chancellor may delegate his powers under this section to a disciplinary board consisting of such members of the University otherwise than on the ground of misconduct. The facts of the case were that following a violent student demonstration, the appellants, amon g other student were expelled by the respondent University for their alleged involvement. The students left on their trail criminal acts such as assault, theft, robbery, house trespass and arson which are serious offences under the penal code. The Deputy Vice Chancellor who was the chairman of the disciplinary investigative board instituted by the Vice Chancellor set up to investigate the matter was a victim of the student rampage. As a result of this irregularity and the issues of lack of jurisdiction on the part of the university and the panel, the appellants sought to quash their expulsion. They were successful in the High Court, but this was reversed on appeal by the respondent university to the Court of Appeal which held that there had been no denial of fair hearing and that the High Court had no jurisdiction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to state who should not be expelled from or admitted to the Universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the High Court ought to have referred the matter back to the U niversity for necessary action, following the rules of natural justice. On further appeal to the Supreme Court, the main issue was whether the University had jurisdiction to inquire into and impose disciplinary measure for misconduct, which amounted to a crime under the penal code Act. This was answered in the negative. According to Obaseki JSC as he then was, who read the lead judgement, Students in all Universities and institutions of Higher learning are not above the law of the land and where obvious cases of breaches of our criminal and penal laws occur, the authorities of the University are not empowered to treat the matter as an internal affair.[4] The learned jurist relied on section 33(1) and (4) of the 1979 constitution now sections 36(1) and (4) of the 1999 constitution. Which states thus: In the determination of his civil rights and obligations including and question or determination by or against any government or authority or a person shall be entitled to a fair hearing within a reasonable time by a court or other tribunal established by law and constituted in such a manner as to secure its independence and impartiality. Whenever a person is charged with a criminal offence he shall, unless the charge is withdrawn, be entitled to a fair hearing within a reasonable time by a court or tribunal. In the opinion of it Lordship, since these provisions above were not followed. He concluded that the fundamental right of the appellants has been violated by their being punished for criminal offence without a preceding trial and a conviction by a court.[5] Disciplinary Issues and present state of affairs The opinion of the Supreme Court is that offences against the laws of the land fall outside the jurisdiction of the visitor and Vice Chancellor. Juxtaposing this position with several disciplinary issues within the tertiary institution, is that majority of the disciplinary issues which could includes cultism[6], examination malpractice[7], personation[8], and so on are crimes against the law of the land and punishable by a court. It therefore means that tertiary institutions would embark on unending court cases before they could punish an erring student should the internal m echanism of punishment outlined in their enabling statute not adhered to. On this Ukhuegbe[9] states that the: The exclusion of criminal matters from the disciplinary jurisdiction is very injurious to the administrative process. Ultimately, it will render the system completely ineffective since many varieties of misconduct fall within the spectrum of the criminal law The decision of the Supreme Court have given room for student to proceed to the courts at the sight of any issues with their parent school which in some instances has resulted in needless judicial exercise. In University of Ilorin v. Oluwadare[10] the respondent was involved in examination malpractice, and he was subsequently expelled in pursuance to the enabling laws that established the University to set up a Student Disciplinary Committee (SDC) to try such offences. The respondent had the option of appealing to the University Governing Council. However he did not await the outcome of the internal appeal, but instead proceeded to the Federal High Court for the enforcement of his fundamental rights. The respondent contended that the SDC lacked the power to deal with examination misconduct which is criminal in nature and that the respondent was not afforded adequate opportunity to defend himself. On the other hand, the Appellants contended at the trial that an act of examination misconduct is a misconduct that can be dealt with by the Appellants under the University of Ilorin Act, Cap. 455 Laws of the Federation 1990 and that the Respondent was given a fair hearing while the steps taken by the Respondent in rushing to Court, after he had appealed to the Governing Council, was indeed premature and constituted an abuse of judicial process and also runs counter to the relevant provisions of Unilorin Act, Cap. 455, which allows appeal from the decision of the SDC. The court of first instance and the Court of Appeal upheld the argument of the respondent student. On further appeal t o the Supreme Court, Umaru Kalgo JSC who delivered the lead judgement by dismissing the appeal on the grounds that the case was wrongly commenced at the trial court which therefore robbed it of jurisdiction to entertain the case. He stated thus: In this appeal the claims are partly for wrongful dismissal or termination of appointment and partly for breach of fundamental right. . .the principal claim being wrongful termination of appointment, which ought to have been commenced by a writ of summons, which was not then all the claims, principal and subsidiary which flow directly from it, are incompetent and therefore ought to be struck out. The Respondent was thereby jumping the gun, as his case being a challenge to his expulsion as a student from the 1st Appellantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s institution, is not one of those claims/reliefs envisaged by the Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure Rules. The right to studentship not being among the rights guaranteed by the 1999 Constitution, the only appropriate method by which the Respondent could have challenged his expulsion was for him to have commenced the action with a Writ of Summons. When an application is brought under the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 1979, a condition precedent to the exercise of the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s jurisdiction is that the enforcement of fundamental rights or the security of the enforcement thereof should be the main claim and not an accessory claim. This case was a needless judicial exercise which ought not to have gotten to the courts in the first instance if the internal resolution mechanism of the school has been observed by the erring student. The Shortcomings of the Doctrine Apart from the known fact that frivolous cases have besieged the court as a result of the doctrine, like the case above, it has been submitted that the doctrine is difficult to reconcile with the administrative process of the University and it has in fact created more problems that it sets to solve.[11] The first problem it creates is that the University authority can only discipline student after a courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pronouncement where the issue touches and concerns crime. This will in turn create an unnecessary legalism into the administrative process of the University.[12] According to Professor Hart To turn every hearing of every disciplinary charge into a formal public trial would be, at best, time wasting and at worst, might d amage young menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s careers, and might sharpened and harden what has been a generally mild and even friendly attitude to those faced with disciplinary charges[13] Another inherent issues with the doctrine is that there was no distinction of cases in respect of the nature and severity of a crime neither did it answer the question as to what happens if the charge was struck out for nolle prosequi especially where there is an unwillingness on the part of the State to prosecute.[14] Another issue that was not clarified was that what happens to a student when a case is in court. Can such a student retain its studentship? To avoid a situation where the status of such student is elevated to realms that will result to internal disturbance, he cannot remain a student of that institution pending the determination of such case. It is advisable that he is suspended not as a punishment for his offence, but as a holding operation.[15] Possible Exceptions to the Doctrine Section 6 of the Studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Union Activities (Control and Regulation) Act[16] provides that The provisions of any enactment, law or instrument relating to any matter to which this Act applies or relating to the admission or disciplinary control of a student in any educational institution affected by this Act, shall have effect subject to this Act. According to Okonkwo[17] any determination of the courts to make an incursion in light of the Garbaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case will be dampened by section 6 above. The Supreme Court also went further rather persuasively in the dictum of Oputa JSC as he then was in Garbaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case that in extreme cases, there will an exception to this rule, where a student were to slap the Vice Chancellor, the effect of Section 36 of the 1999 constitution may give way. This position was supported in the cases of R. v. Senate of University of Ashton ex. Roffey[18] and Gylnn v. Keele University[19] where because of the ir peculiar circumstances, fair hearing or the principles of natural justice were dispensed with. Conclusions The Garbaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case creates a divide in disciplinary issues in the tertiary institutions. Where would the line be drawn in respect of all disciplinary cases especially when it is clear that most if not all the misconduct are offences within the Criminal Code and Penal Code Act? And the courts in such instances must first pass judgement. The proper way to move away from the logjam created by this situation is for the Supreme Court to revisit the case according to Coker JSC[20] Also, according to Uwais JSC[21]Universities should be permitted to deal domestically with minor criminal matters. Ultimately, the last remit lies with the National Assembly through the National Universities Commission to see to it that a law is enacted that will confer full powers on the Vice Chancellor or Rector as the case may be to deal with all categories of disciplinary issu es which might occur within an institution. [1] (1986) 1 NWLR (pt. 18) 500 [2] A. Akinrele, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Domestic Forum of a University- An Inviolable Sanctuary?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1986) 1 LPR 28 [3] [4] At p. 576 [5] Supra Note 5 [6] Section 63 of the Criminal Code Act provides for seven years in imprisonment for any person who manages or assist in the management of an unlawful society. [7] Section 1 of the Examination Malpractices Act provides for punishment ranging from fines and three years imprisonment for offenders [8] Section 3 of the same Act punishes impersonation by fines and prison terms between three to four years. [9] S. O. Ukhuegbe, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Public Law and the Disciplinary Powers of Universities in Nigeriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1993)4 UBSLJ 16 [10] (2006) https://www.nigeria-law.org/University%20of%20Ilorin%20v%20Idowu%20Oluwadare.htm accessed 14th January, 2014 [11] F. I. Oshodin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Garba v. University of Maiduguri revisitedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1998) LAWSA J. UNIB EN Vol. 7, 14 [12] Supra Note 11 [13] J.W. Bridge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Keeping Peace in Universitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1970) 86 LQR at p. 500 quoted in Supra Note 11 pg. 14 [14] C O. Okonkwo à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Discipline, Nigerian Universities and the Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Nigeria Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, (1996) 21 [15] Dictum of Lord Denning, MR in Lewis v. Haffer (1978) 1 WLR 1073 [16] LFN, 1990 [17] Supra Note 14, pg 35 [18] (1969) 2 AER 964 [19] (1971) 2 AER 89 [20] Supra Note 1 at p.611 [21] Supra Note 1 at p.608-609

Introduction And Literature Review The Decline Of...

1. Introduction Literature review The early 2000s recession was a drastic decline in economic conditions, which mainly occurred in the developed countries. From 2001, the Federal Reserve initiated a move to quell the stock market, caused successive inflation in interest rate, thus â€Å"plunging the country into† the worldwide economic recession (Ruddy, 2006). The annual GDP growth rate dropped below 1% along with the significant downturn in U.S. housing and the stock market. From 2002, the economy started to recover from the recession: the GDP growth rate slightly increased every month, the monthly house price index increased and the SP index increased with an approximate one year lag. The year 2002 and 2003 are the â€Å"golden age† of recovery. The annual GDP growth rate increased to 2%-3% and the housing price index increases significantly with a slight increase in stock prices in 2003. Interestingly, although the GDP growth rate and the house price index started to increase in 2002, the stock marke t remained in recession until the end of the year. Consumer Confidence is an economic indicator, which government should take specific actions to improve to accelerate the process of economic recovery. People’s confidence in the economy or their personal financial situation will significantly influence their purchasing decisions. A booming economy is likely to generate a belief that current financial investments will gain valuable profits in the future; a strong trend inShow MoreRelatedBrics, India, China And South Africa1451 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction The acronym of â€Å"BRICS† refers to a group of five emerging economies - Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa which represent nearly 30% of the earth’s surface and 40% of world’s population . 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Practical Demonkeeping Chapter 10-11 Free Essays

10 AUGUSTUS BRINE Augustus Brine sat in one of his high-backed leather chairs massaging his temples, trying to formulate a plan of action. Rather than answers, the question, Why me? repeated in his mind like a perplexing mantra. Despite his size, strength, and a lifetime of learning, Augustus Brine felt small, weak, and stupid. We will write a custom essay sample on Practical Demonkeeping Chapter 10-11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why me? A few minutes before, Gian Hen Gian had rushed into the house babbling in Arabic like a madman. When Brine finally calmed him down, the genie had told him he had found the demon. â€Å"You must find the dark one. He must have the Seal of Solomon. You must find him!† Now the genie was sitting in the chair across from Brine, munching potato chips and watching a videotape of a Marx Brothers movie. The genie insisted that Brine take some sort of action, but he had no suggestions on how to proceed. Brine examined the options and found them wanting. He could call the police, tell them that a genie had told him that an invisible man-eating demon had invaded Pine Cove, and spend the rest of his life under sedation: not good. Or, he could find the dark one, insist that he send the demon back to hell, and be eaten by the demon: not good. Or he could find the dark one, sneak around hoping that he wasn’t noticed by an invisible demon that could be anywhere, steal the seal, and send the demon back to hell himself, but probably get eaten in the process: also, not good. Of course he could deny that he believed the story, deny that he had seen Gian Hen Gian drink enough saltwater to kill a battalion, deny the existence of the supernatural altogether, open an impudent little bottle of merlot, and sit by his fireplace drinking wine while a demon from hell ate his neighbors. But he did believe it, and that option, too, was not good. For now he decided to rub his temples and think, Why me? The genie would be no help at all. Without a master he was as powerless as Brine himself. Without the seal and invocation, he could have no master. Brine had run through the more obvious courses of action with Gian Hen Gian to have each doomed in succession. No, he could not kill the demon: he was immortal. No, he could not kill the dark one: he was under the protection of the demon, and killing him, if it were possible, might release the demon to his own will. To attempt an exorcism would be silly, the genie reasoned; would some mingy prelate be able to override the power of Solomon? Perhaps they could separate the demon from his keeper – somehow force the dark one to send the demon back. Brine started to ask Gian Hen Gian if it was feasible but stopped himself. Tears were coursing down the genie’s face. â€Å"What’s the matter?† Brine asked. Gian Hen Gian kept his eyes trained on the television screen, where Harpo Marx was pulling a collection of objects from his coat, objects obviously too large to be stored there. â€Å"It has been so long since I have seen one of my own kind. This one who does not speak, I do not recognize him, but he is Djinn. What magic!† Brine considered for a moment the possibility that Harpo Marx might have been one of the Djinn, then berated himself for even thinking about it. Too much had happened today that was outside the frame of his experience and it had opened him up to thinking that anything was possible. If he weren’t careful, he would lose his sense of judgment completely. â€Å"You’ve been here a thousand years and you’ve never seen a movie before?† Brine asked. â€Å"What is a movie?† Slowly and gently, Augustus Brine explained to the king of the Djinn about the illusion created by motion pictures. When he finished, he felt like he had just raped the tooth fairy in front of a class of kindergartners. â€Å"Then I am alone still?† the genie said. â€Å"Not completely.† â€Å"Yes,† the genie said, eager to leave the moment behind, â€Å"but what are you going to do about Catch, Augustus Brine?† 11 EFFROM Effrom Elliot awoke that morning eagerly anticipating his nap. He’d been dreaming about women, about a time when he had hair and choices. He hadn’t slept well. Some barking dogs had awakened him during the night, and he wished he could sleep in, but as soon as the sun broke through his bedroom window, he was wide awake, without a hope of getting back to sleep and recapturing his dream until nap time. It had been that way since he had retired, twenty-five years ago. As soon as his life had eased so that he might sleep in, his body would not let him. He crept from bed and dressed in the half-light of the bedroom, putting on corduroys and a wool flannel shirt the wife had laid out for him. He put on his slippers and tiptoed out of the bedroom, palming the door shut so as not to wake the wife. Then he remembered that the wife was gone to Monterey, or was it Santa Barbara? Anyway, she wasn’t home. Still, he continued his morning routine with the usual stealth. In the kitchen he put on the water for his morning cup of decaf. Outside the kitchen window the hummingbirds were already hovering up to the feeder, stopping for drinks of red sugar water on their route through the wife’s fuchias and honeysuckle. He thought of the hummingbirds as the wife’s pets. They moved too fast for his tastes. He had seen a nature show on television that said that their metabolism was so fast that they might not even be able to see humans. The whole world had gone the way of the hummingbirds as far as Effrom was concerned. Everything and everybody was too fast, and sometimes he felt invisible. He couldn’t drive anymore. The last time he had tried, the police had stopped him for obstructing traffic. He had told the cop to stop and smell the flowers. He told the cop that he had been driving since before the cop was a glimmer in his daddy’s eye. It had been the wrong approach. The policeman took his license. The wife did all the driving now. Imagine it – when he had taught her to drive, he had to keep grabbing the wheel to keep her from putting the Model T into the ditch. What would the snot-nosed cop say about that? The water was beginning to boil on the stove. Effrom rummaged through the old tin bread box and found the package of chocolate-covered graham crackers the wife had left for him. In the cupboard the jar of Sanka sat next to the real coffee. Why not? The wife was gone, why not live a little? He took the regular coffee from the shelf and set about finding the filters and filter holder. He hadn’t the slightest idea where they were kept. The wife took care of that sort of thing. He finally found the filters, the holder, and the serving carafe on the shelf below. He poured some coffee into the filter, eyeballed it, and poured in some more. Then he poured the water over the grounds. The coffee came through strong and black as the kaiser’s heart. He poured himself a cup and there was still a little left in the carafe. No sense wasting it. He opened the kitchen window, and after fumbling with the lid for a moment, poured the remaining coffee into the hummingbird feeder. â€Å"Live a little, boys.† He wondered if the coffee might not speed them up to the point where they just burnt up in the atmosphere. He toyed with the idea of watching for a while, then he remembered that his exercise show was about to start. He picked up his graham crackers and coffee and headed for the living room and his big easy chair in front of the RCA. He made sure the sound was turned down, then turned on the old console set. When the picture came on, a young blond woman in iridescent tights was leading three other young women through a series of stretches. Effrom guessed that there was music playing from the way they moved, but he always watched with the sound turned off so as not to wake the wife. Since he had discovered his exercise program, the women in his dreams all wore iridescent tights. The girls were all on their backs now, waving their legs in the air. Effrom munched his graham crackers and watched in fascination. Time was when a man had to spend the better part of a week’s pay to see a show like that. Now you could get it on cable for only†¦. Well, the wife took care of the cable bill, but he guessed that it was pretty cheap. Life was grand. Effrom considered going out to his workshop and getting his cigarettes. A smoke would go good right now. After all, the wife was gone. Why should he sneak around in his own house? No, the wife would know. And when she confronted him, she wouldn’t yell, she would just look at him. She would get that sad look in her blue eyes and she would say, â€Å"Oh, Effrom.† That’s all, â€Å"Oh, Effrom.† And he would feel as if he had betrayed her. Nope, he could wait until his show was over and go smoke in his workshop, where the wife would never dare to set foot. Suddenly the house felt very empty. It was like a great vacant warehouse where the slightest noise rattles in the rafters. A presence was missing. He never saw the wife until she knocked on his workshop door at noon to call him to lunch, but somehow he felt her absence, as if the insulation had been ripped from around him, leaving him raw to the elements. For the first time in a long time Effrom felt afraid. The wife was coming back, but maybe someday she would be gone forever. Someday he would really be alone. He wished for a moment that he would die first, then thinking of the wife alone, knocking on the workshop door from which he would never emerge, made him feel selfish and ashamed. He tried to concentrate on the exercise show but found no solace in spandex tights. He rose and turned off the TV. He went to the kitchen and put his coffee in the sink. Outside the window the hummingbirds went about their business, shimmering in the morning sun. A sense of urgency came over him. It became suddenly very important to get to his workshop and finish his latest carving. Time seemed as fleeting and fragile as the little birds. In his younger days he might have met the feeling with a naive denial of his own mortality. Age had given him a different defense, and his thoughts returned to the image of he and the wife going to bed together and never waking, their lives and memories going out all at once. This too, he knew, was a naive fantasy. When the wife got home he was going to give her hell for going away, he knew that for sure. Before unlocking his workshop he set the alarm on his watch to go off at lunchtime. If he worked through lunch he might miss his nap. There was no sense in wasting the day just because the wife was out of town. When the knock came on his workshop door, Effrom thought at first that the wife had come home early to surprise him with lunch. He ground out his cigarette in an empty toolbox that he kept for that purpose. He blew the last lungful of smoke into the exhaust fan he had installed â€Å"to take out the sawdust.† â€Å"Coming. Just a minute,† he said. He revved up one of his high-speed polishing tools for effect. The knocking continued and Effrom realized that it was not coming from the inside door that the wife usually knocked on, but from the one leading out into the front yard. Probably Jehovah’s Witnesses. He climbed down from his stool, checked the pockets of his corduroys for quarters, and found one. If you bought a Watchtower from them, they would go away, but if they caught you without spare change, they would be on you like soul-saving terriers. Effrom threw the door open and the young man outside jumped back. He was dressed in a black sweatshirt and jeans – rather casual, Effrom thought, for someone carrying the formal invitation to the end of the world. â€Å"Are you Effrom Elliot?† he asked. â€Å"I am.† Effrom said. He held out his quarter. â€Å"Thanks for stopping by, but I’m busy, so you can just give me my Watchtower and I’ll read it later.† â€Å"Mr. Elliot, I’m not a Jehovah’s Witness.† â€Å"Well, I have all the insurance I can afford, but if you leave me your card, I’ll give it to the wife.† â€Å"Is your wife still alive, Mr. Elliot?† â€Å"Of course she’s alive. What did you think? I was going to tape your business card to her tombstone? Son, you’re not cut out to be a salesman. You should get an honest job.† â€Å"I’m not a salesman, Mr. Elliot. I’m an old friend of your wife’s. I need to talk to her. It’s very important.† â€Å"She ain’t home.† â€Å"Your wife’s name is Amanda, right?† â€Å"That’s right. But don’t you try any of your sneaky tricks. You ain’t no friend of the wife or I’d know you. And we got a vacuum cleaner that’d suck the hide off a bear, so go away.† Effrom started to close the door. â€Å"No, please, Mr. Elliot. I really need to speak to your wife.† â€Å"She ain’t home.† â€Å"When will she be home?† â€Å"She’s coming home tomorrow. But I’m warning you, son, she’s even tougher than I am on flimflam men. Mean as a snake. You’d be best to just pack up your carpetbag and go look for honest work.† â€Å"You were a World War One veteran, weren’t you?† â€Å"I was. What of it?† â€Å"Thank you, Mr. Elliot. I’ll be back tomorrow.† â€Å"Don’t bother.† â€Å"Thank you, Mr. Elliot.† Effrom slammed the door. His angina wrenched his chest like a scaly talon. He tried to breathe deeply while he fingered a nitroglycerin pill from his shirt pocket. He popped it into his mouth, and it dissolved on his tongue immediately. In a few seconds the pain in his chest subsided. Maybe he would skip lunch today, go right to his nap. Why the wife kept sending in those cards about insurance was beyond him. Didn’t she know that â€Å"no salesman will call† was one of the three great lies? He resolved again to give her hell when she got home. When Travis got back into the car, he tried to hide his excitement from the demon. He fought the urge to shout â€Å"Eureka!† to pound on the steering wheel, to sing hallelujah at the top of his lungs. It might finally be coming to an end. He wouldn’t let himself think about it. It was only a long shot, but he felt closer than he ever had to being free of the demon. â€Å"So, how’s your old friend?† Catch said sarcastically. They had played this scene literally thousands of times. Travis tried to assume the same attitude he always had when faced with those failures. â€Å"He’s fine,† Travis said. â€Å"He asked about you.† He started the car and pulled away from the curb slowly. The old Chevy’s engine sputtered and tried to die, then caught. â€Å"He did?† â€Å"Yeah, he couldn’t understand why your mother didn’t eat her young.† â€Å"I didn’t have a mother.† â€Å"Do you think she’d claim you?† Catch grinned. â€Å"Your mother wet herself before I finished her.† The anger came sliding back over the years. Travis shut off the engine. â€Å"Get out and push,† he said. Then he waited. Sometimes the demon would do exactly what he said, and other times Catch laughed at him. Travis had never been able to figure out the inconsistency. â€Å"No,† Catch said. â€Å"Do it.† The demon opened the car door. â€Å"Lovely girl you’re going out with tonight, Travis.† â€Å"Don’t even think about it.† The demon licked his chops. â€Å"Think what?† â€Å"Get out.† Catch got out. Travis left the Chevy in drive. When the car started moving, Travis could hear the demon’s clawed feet cutting furrows in the asphalt. Just one more day. Maybe. He tried to think of the girl, Jenny, and it occurred to him that he was the only man he had ever heard of who had waited until he was in his nineties before going on his first date. He didn’t have the slightest idea why he had asked her out. Something about her eyes. There was something there that reminded him of happiness, his own happiness. Travis smiled. How to cite Practical Demonkeeping Chapter 10-11, Essay examples

Pagan or Christian free essay sample

The classic epic tale Beowulf is a masterpiece that stands out in the literature of the past. Many characters in the poem struggle to define their religion at the time because Christianity was recently introduced in their Anglo-Saxon communities. Among them all, the main character Beowulf showed the most indecisiveness. In his words and actions, Beowulf embodies both Christian and Anglo-Saxon ideals; however, they reveal him to be more of a Christian than a pagan. Through the eyes of many reading this poem, they would have guessed Beowulf to be more of a pagan; but, there are many more examples of Christianity than paganism. The basis of Anglo-Saxon paganism narrows down to two main ideals: fame and fate. Many natives of non-Christian belief believe in fame as a way to earn their title in the world. This was shown in Beowulf’s attitude and speech only a few times. He showed some underlying beliefs in fame; such as, â€Å"I am old, now, / But I will fight again, seek fame still, / If the dragon hiding in his tower dares / To face me† (625-628), where Beowulf described wanting fame from every victory he accomplished. We will write a custom essay sample on Pagan or Christian? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although this occurred, Beowulf spoke of God more frequently than a force of fame. Another ideal Beowulf spoke about was the belief in fate. Fate was what Anglo-Saxons believed was the plan for their life, instead of believing in God’s plan for them. Beowulf does mention fate when he describes the reason why he fights enemies, â€Å"Fate saves / The living when they drive away death by themselves† (305-306 pkt). Both of these ideas refer to the background that Beowulf grew up in, a non-Christian environment. They do not, however, meet the degree of which Christianity occurs in this novel. Even with Beowulf’s pagan background, his actions of Christianity overtake his demeanor and attitude. The Christianity of Beowulf is first exhibited with his voyage to the Danes kingdom. He is called there because of the terrible monster that is stalking and killing the Danes’ people. Since Christians are usually characterized as people who help those in need, Beowulf displays Christianity when he goes to help others by killing Grendel. Even though it may seem like he is pursuing this monster for fame, Beowulf wants nothing more than to save these innocent people from Grendel and stop the murders, adding on to his Christian standing. When Beowulf first began acquiring his victories, he seemed to have a boastful attitude. Although, as he grew wiser that vanity turned into a humble approach. Humbleness, a highly Christian characteristic, was seen when Beowulf did not attempt to brag about his victory of slaying Grendel’s mother. He even credits the victory to God by stating, â€Å"The fight would have ended straightaway if God had not guarded me†. This explains how Beowulf turns toward more Christian ideals throughout the book and away from the old paganism. However, his words truly speak louder than his actions when it comes to showing his Christian identity. While his actions may see the degree of Christianity on a characteristic level, Beowulf’s words display just how frequently God is mentioned in his everyday life. Beowulf refers to God in many aspects throughout the novel. One of the first and most important references occurs when he talks about his upcoming fight with Grendel. Beowulf talks about the lack of fear he possesses for Grendel while speaking with Hrothgar. He applies this fearlessness to his belief that God will determine what will happen: â€Å"my hands / Alone shall fight for me, struggle for life / Against the monster. God must decide who will be given to death’s cold grip† (267-270). Even stating that he needs no weapon, Beowulf is convinced that God has given him his gift of strength and will help him win the battle. This assumption is largely due to the Christian influence being brought upon him. Another prominent Christian reference is Beowulf’s death scene. As he is taking his last few breaths, he takes time out to pray to the Lord. A normal thing for many religious people to do, Beowulf looks back on his life and thanks God for all the goodness he has received. He even accredits Him for all the wealth he has acquired: â€Å"For this, this gold, these jewels. I thank / Our Father in Heaven. Ruler of the Earth / For all of this. that His grace has given me,† (816-818). In this final phrase of his life, Beowulf reiterates the basis of Christian life; the Lord is all the goodness in the world around us. In Beowulf, the novel, the ideals of Christianity and the pagan beliefs of the Anglo-Saxon decedents combine together and both are seen in each character. Beowulf, the main personality in the poem, shares this combination but has a distinct lean towards the Christian side. Even with the presence of fate and fame reflected in Beowulf, the frequency of paganism in his life cannot compare to that of Christianity. His actions show how he utilizes the classic Christian qualities and his words tell the reader how prominent God is in his life. Paganism may run deep in the Anglo-Saxon roots, but Christianity has made an everlasting impression on them.

Diet and Brain Development essays

Diet and Brain Development essays The relationship between diet and brain development are key to the evolution of hominids. Larger brains mean a greater capacity for thought. The ability to think and work out problems led to the development of tools and of language that distinguish hominids from primates and other organisms. With language, individuals are able to communicate with one another and work cooperatively in a way that gives them an advantage over solitary organisms. The development of a community and a society results in a complex culture with rituals for burial and forms of expression like art that help to distinguish the individual in a group. Larger brains and a greater capacity for thought also mean a prolonged period of brain development during which skills must be passed from more knowledgeable individuals to those still developing. This period, known as childhood, is one during which individuals are not capable of caring sole for themselves and it is the role of fully developed individuals to instill wisdom upon these young individuals while protecting them and providing the necessary elements that are key to their survival. The development of larger brains extended this period of childhood and makes hominid childhood one of the longest of any organisms. The development of larger brains go hand in hand with diet because it is nutrition that allows for the development of larger brains and larger brains that provide the capacity to find better forms of nutrition. The relationship between diet and brain development was first examined in Austalopithecenes. Australopithecenes can be divided into two subspecies known as robust and gracile. The gracile Australopithecenes were similar in body and brain size to the robust Austalopithecenes. They, however, had large grinding teeth, even larger than those of the robust. The most likely inhabited woodland areas and ate nuts and roots. While similar in brain size to the gracile, robust Australopithece...

Reading Tips to Improve Pronunciation for ESL Students

Reading Tips to Improve Pronunciation for ESL Students If youre working on pronunciation, these tips can help you use reading as a way to practice outside of class, either by yourself or with a couple of friends. Top Tips Choose a paragraph and read aloud.Choose a paragraph and mark each sentence with a sound script (helpful pronunciation markup). This will help you read more naturally, and thus pronounce correctly.Choose a few sentences from your reading material and highlight content words. Read these sentences focusing on accenting these content words while quickly speaking over the structure words.Once you become comfortable reading a single paragraph aloud, read an entire page by reading a paragraph aloud and then reading one silently.Choose some nursery rhymes to practice. They will help you with pronunciation through rhythm.Read a short story or a few paragraphs to a friend who is also studying English. Compare the differences and discuss what might be the reasons for the differences.Choose a paragraph, short article, or newspaper story with new vocabulary. Use the Babylon dictionary or another online pronunciation resource to help you learn the correct pronunciation of these words.Read a play with some friends. Each friend takes a different part. Start with short scenes. Once you are comfortable, read longer pieces together.

McHam_Donatello's David & Judith_x Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McHam_Donatello's David & Judith_x - Assignment Example the controversial message that the family’s role in Florence was the same as that of respected Old Testament autocrat slayers and saviors of the people that emblematically inverted the increasing accusations that the Medici had developed tyranny that took all the power from the republican institutions in the city (McHam 32). The sculptures were mainly used as focal points of the courtyard and the garden that were linked. David was raised on a high base at the middle of the courtyard and could be seen when the palace’s main entrance was open. The exact location of the Judith and Holofernes in the plot is not known as the orchard was immediately behind the quad, it may have been noticeable from the quad if it was located on the bloc between the orchard and the quad (McHam 32). The placement of the sculptures reveals that they could easily be viewed by the desired audience since the courtyard could be accessed by palace visitors and the garden could be accessed by an invited group. 2) What evidence does McHam provide that suggests Donatello’s earlier marble version of David was interpreted in political terms? How would the placement of the artist’s later version of David been understood? (p. 34) The inscriptions in the manuscripts which describe the Palazzo della Signoria validate the speculation that had earlier been unproven that they might have been added to the sculpture before 1416 before Danatello recut the figure to emphasize a political role for David as being the defender of Florence (McHam 34). This was done by baring his one of his legs and removing the scroll that had previously used to identify David as being a prophet. The placement of the bronze version of David in the courtyard can be understood as a self-conscious allusion to the previous marble analogue and the inscription it was associated with. It was also a sign that the Medici were closely associated to the regime and supported their principles. 3) According to the author, what was

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Quality Management of processes - Essay Example The first step is to establish a strong feedback as an important element of any quality assurance process. Evaluation should be a continuous process and not just left until the end of the project. The results of evaluation processes should be discussed with the researchers, perhaps by means of completing a record of achievement and current strategies. To avoid adversely, it is crucial to involve key researchers into the process of quality control requirements. A potential problem area in many institutions is the role played in it by middle management (Dale, 1994). They have a pivotal role because they both maintain the day-to-day operation of the project and act as one of its most important communications channels. They can often block change if they have a mind to or they can act as the leaders of teams spearheading the impetus for quality improvement. In this case, the quality control should be identifies as an important measure against possible pitfalls and mistakes caused by huma n factors. The quality control should interpreted as a preventive measure which helps the research project to save time and resources caused by possible errors and poor quality (Christensen, 1997). A special attention will be given to such principles as process approach, continual improvement and qualit

Health And Fitness Structure

Health And Fitness Structure To-day health and fitness or wellness services industry is also a fast growing sector in India. In the previous unit we have discussed about the hospitality industry wherein offering health club services are considered as an additional feature of a hospitality business. Now, in this unit let us discuss exclusively about the health and fitness industry that is booming in India. This segment includes a number of services such as beauty treatment services, therapy based treating products, personal health counselling, rejuvenation such as yoga, spas and last but not least the fitness developing centres viz. various gymnastic clubs or centres. In fact the field is experiencing a healthy growth rate and currently has an estimated market size of USD 120 million. The visible trend of surge in wellness business is the increased range of wellness books, products, and wellness holidays on the offer of the concerned person or that particular product manufacturing company. India has emerged as a big player not only in medical, tourism industry but also in developing domestic fitness and health centres in addition to the supply of the fitness product made to the individual by the manufacturing company for doing the exercises with those products to keep them fit. As on 2008, there were 765 fitness clubs in India with total membership of 2.3 million members. (Source: Statistics of the IHRSA Asia Pacific Market Report, 2008) In fact the Indian fitness industry is an immensely under penetrated market compared to several developed and developing countries in the world. For example, 16.0% of the US populations have fitness club membership whereas in India, a survey taken in seven metro cities shows that it is only 0.4%. On the other hand you know that India has the highest incidence of diabetes in the world. That is 40 million people are affected and it is likely to go up to 70 million by 2025 if left unchecked. This sudden increase is due to the changes in the lifestyle. You can notice some major changes in the areas of food consumption, lack of physical activities, longer commutation, lesser or change in sleeping time etc. among the working class population. The point is most of them in this class are well aware of the correction they need to necessarily make in their living styles. Therefore, there is a huge emphasis on regular exercise to prevent obesity and diabetes. An entrepreneur can start a business of fitness centre with the equipments and tools which are being sold by many manufacturers. The habit of people living in main metro cities like Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Delhi etc, ladies in particular utilise these centres to make them fit for a healthy live. Some of the equipments are Aerobic stepper, forearm flexor, anti microbial speed rope, resistance bands, skipping rope and many more equipments and products are available for doing exercises. The equipments like treadmill, stretch, and rovers, elliptical are also available to do exercises safely for everyone who wishes to keep their body fit in all aspects. There is a scope for the entrepreneurs to start this type of health institutions, gyms, fitness centres etc. Since these equipments are given to customers on a fixed time basis they come to the centres regularly, and the entrepreneur can earn a considerable amount. http://www.healthkart.com/sports/fitness-accessories/aerobics-general-fitness?pre=pageNo=3 Example: AC Nielsens global online consumer survey findings released in Feb 2009 said that 54 percent Indian respondents think they have issues with their weight. About 80% people said that they exercise at least once a week. Going to a gym is second most preferred option for exercise after walking. Objectives: After studying this unit, you will be able to explain the concept of health and fitness list the types of health and fitness activities classify the types of health and fitness services describe the business opportunities list the advantages starting a health and fitness centre list the challenges of managing a health and fitness centre commencing a health and fitness business 10.2 Concept Health is defined in the WHO (World Health Organisation) constitution of 1948 as a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being, and not merely the absence of any disease or infirmity. Health is optimal well-being that contributes to quality of life. Being free from ailments alone cannot be considered as healthy although it is essential to good health. Optimal health includes high-level mental, social, emotional, spiritual, and physical wellness within the limits of ones heredity and personal abilities. Health is the state of being and wellness depicts the quality of life or the state of living a healthy life style. Wellness reflects the positive aspects of health that can help expand your potential to live and work effectively. Wellness is possible for everyone, regardless of whether you have a diagnosed disease Fitness refers to being fit enough to perform our personal and social obligations in an active manner. To achieve this, sufficient energy and strength levels are important. Being fit need not mean being an athlete or sport person but a capable and independent human being in general.(http://www.mhhe.com/hper/physed/clw/01corb.pdf) The concepts of health and fitness are related. If you are fit, you have a higher chance of being healthy. For example, if we observe the people who go for a walk or jogging every day, we can notice that they enjoy a healthy life, free from stress and illness. This is because their persistent walking improves their physical fitness, and also their mental well-being. Well being refers as an organised set of activities fabricated to help the individuals and families and maintain the behavioural pattern which in turn help to reduce the risk of them and simultaneously enhancing the ability of them in order to perform the tasks. The health and fitness industry is focused on the supervision of exercise and physical activity either in an individual capacity or within a group in a controlled environment. The industry provides various services and facilities that encourages and promote physical activity and the general concept of promoting wellness. In health and fitness industry, you also need to know the five major health related physical fitness components, namely: Cardio -respiratory endurance Body composition Flexibility Muscle endurance Muscular strength Let us now discuss each of these in detail. Cardio respiratory endurance: This refers to the ability of the heart, its functions, blood, and blood vessels including the total respiratory system. The required power and oxygen will be supplied to the muscles and allow them to do the exercises. Any person who does the muscle exercises can be bodily fit and can do physical activities for a longer period of time without any stress. Cardiovascular exercise offers the individual major benefits to the health and to those who are regular and constant with their exercises. The exercises for cardiovascular activities are swimming, cycling, jogging, and swimming, and pedalling and riding a machine which is elliptical in shape used in health institutes and fitness centres. (http://www.livestrong.com/article/502099-recommended-total-duration-for-cardiovascular-endurance-exercise/#ixzz1wbJEGORh) Source: http://healthplux.com/intense-cardio-workouts/ Body composition: It comprises of bones, muscles, fat and tissues etc. An individual who perform regular exercises will have normal percentage of fat. Body composition refers to your percentage fat in the body. The bone, connective tissue, muscle and internal organs are fat-free and termed lean mass. This mass is superior to fat mass and should be checked and maintained by taking healthy foods and regular exercises. Everyone who wants to keep the fat in control can improve body composition by losing fat, increasing lean muscle or a combination of both. For example, weight training adds both muscle mass and bone density. Flexibility: It is refers to the movement of joints in a body. The movement range may vary from person to person. There should be a free movement of such joints to have the flexibility. It is affected by length of the muscle, the structure joints etc. An individual can move his joints to the maximum level and full range for engaging himself in his duty and play as well. Source: http://eugenept.blogspot.in/2009/07/if-it-looks-like-duck-flies-like.html Muscle endurance: This refers to the repeated usage and ability of the muscles. An individual can repeatedly move his muscles for a longer period of time without any tiredness. Muscular strength: This refers to the ability of the muscles to carry out the external works such as lifting the weights and keeping the arm and shoulders in good shape and strength. You can perform this for maintaining the external force and lifting of weight and controlling of your body. Source: http://www.ehow.com/list_6967692_good-weight-training-exercises-beginners.html A health and fitness professional must be able to measure the components to advise clients about their health related fitness, and to use data obtained from the tests to design appropriate exercise programs which can then be evaluated. It is intended that all 5 components contribute evenly to make up a holistic health related physical fitness. Self Assessment Questions Fill in the blanks: _________ reflects the positive aspects of health that can help expand your potential to live and work effectively. The health and fitness industry is focused on the supervision of _____________ and physical activity either in an individual capacity or within a group in a controlled environment 10.3 Categories of Health and Fitness Activities You have learnt that being healthy and staying fit means meeting all our personal and social needs independently and actively. Let us now discuss more about general health and fitness scenarios. Wellness incorporates all aspects of health, including the physical, mental, spiritual and environmental. Wellness programs are those that work to positively influence these areas of a persons life to improve overall health and well-being. The term wellness program is most often associated with corporations and work-sites however wellness programs may also be offered through community organizations such as schools, Cooperative Extension Offices or public health departments However, as we are going to discuss about fitness industry more, let us also have a closer look on the health related issues in this section. The fitness centres differ from the nature of exercises they offer. Some of these are; Meditation and yoga therapy centres for deriving peace and pleasure and keeping good health Fitness centres and health spas for keeping the health fit and rejuvenated. Gym and dance 10.3.1 Meditation As we are from the land of Buddha we are not new to many of his thoughts though we do not practice them in our real life. Meditation is considered to be a way for attaining spiritual bliss and peace, ultimately for healthy living. Every culture and tradition has its own distinct and exclusive styles of practicing meditation. The basic concept and understanding i.e. to concentrate and focus towards one issue or object for a longer duration may not be feasible for all. But once we get habituated to do this in a systematic way the result is there. In India there are many missions conduct programs and classes on various captions involving meditation to teach this. Here, all you can attach yourself as a member and practice meditation for individual benefit to attain the ultimate benefit which the modern science proves true. There are many groups in all the main areas of the cities and they are teaching the meditation to group of people at different timings. This meditation controls the anger of a person and it induces us to concentrate on what we do. As per Michael J.Baime the meditation educates to have an emotional stability which allows the meditator to experience the intense emotions. One can gain insight and proper understanding of his thoughts. If you do the meditation regularly you can conquer your emotional intense and can get rid of the emotional imbalances. This helps in full relaxation of the body. The entrepreneur may get the knowledge about the meditation from the leading group of institutions and in turn this meditation will help to fell comfort and confidence including self control in his life. And he can also conduct such training centres for the benefit of the residents and can earn money with the knowledge of meditation. Meditation gives a sense of calm and acceptance of oneself and the others as well. This technique is being done for many years. Irrespective of caste and creed many people practicing the meditation for their wellness. Hence there is much scope for an entrepreneur to start such centres or visit s chools and colleges etc to teach the meditation. 10.3.2 Yoga therapy India was the origin of Yoga. It is a simple but useful technique for doing exercise which works as union among our body, mind and soul. It consists of gestures and postures. It is called Asna in Sanskrit. Yoga helps you to keep your body fit and maintain the balancing and to get self enlightenment. And it helps to control the emotions of the mind. As you know yoga is simply one sort of physical exercise involving stretching and balancing. This is mainly to keep the physique fit thereby derive fitness. But ancient legend would speak much about this theory and there are therapies developed in modern days to either prevent or cure various illnesses. However, you must appreciate that a right postures play a very important role for health fitness. As said above Yoga means union and aims at the realisation of the unity of our whole being. It is a Hindu discipline aimed at achieving a state of perfect spiritual insight and tranquillity. In the West, the term is most commonly understood as the physical exercises that are practiced as part of this discipline. Human health fitness depends not only on the general physical fitness but mental peace. The entrepreneurial company can do the business of teaching Yoga to the people in and around in his area. He can also conduct group wise and offer packages of services of Yoga and there is a scope for him to earn money out of it. 10.3.3 Nature cure Naturopathy is a science of healthy living and a drugless system of healing. Nature Cure is rightly defined as a system of man building in harmony with constructive principles of nature on physical, mental, moral and spiritual. This is a technique for keeping you fit by using herbals and other naturally grown food. In nature therapy green vegetables, spinach and fruits etc are given to the people who want to cure their disorders. Since it is also a simple technique the entrepreneurial enterprise can invest money in this business and can earn some return from the investments made. Naturopathy deals with treatment of disorders by balancing the condition of homoeostasis and up-keeping the equilibrium through addition and deletion of substances. This type is available only in some places and the entrepreneur can opt for this business. Now-a days the public are fully aware of these techniques and they are known about the facts of maintaining wellness. Yet they know that these are inexpensive and there is no side effect for these techniques. For the entrepreneur it is a good chance for them to start the business as there is no much competition in India. He can start many branches across India even in abroad also. The public are eager to know about their health conditions and they want to learn more and more about the nutrition, diet and exercises to be followed etc for maintaining their wellness. Physical Exercise There are many institutions which deal with physical fitness for the wellness of the people concerned. You have already learnt that fitness is about being in shape or in good physical condition. Wellness refers to being free from illness. Living fit requires not only consuming healthy diet but doing some regular exercises along with diet. Exercising can be done by means of special equipment for lifts, squats presses or in various other ways like aerobic exercises viz. cycling, running, biking, swimming, rowing, gymnastics such as pull-ups and push-ups. Doing all these exercises in different combinations will increase our withstanding power and stamina. In USA there are more fitness and recreational sports centres which are equipped with latest machineries. These are running as a successful business unit. Some of them are: aerobic dance and exercise centres athletic club and physical fitness health spas exercise fitness centres gymnasiums health studios weight training centres nutrition strength development centres (http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/def/ND713940.HTM) Hence, in this unit we discuss about catering to the ever increasing demand of people in the field of fitness by setting up commercial units such as gymnastic centre or centre for yoga and other related therapies. Many publications are also available for the people to do exercises which are re commended in that. People in India use the fitness centres to do exercises. These centres have instructors and trainers to teach the people how to do exercises or meditation etc. They are conducting group exercise classes with audio and video facilities for making the people to grasp the techniques. Various fitness centres in India are: spice world fitness centre -New Delhi fitness flash- New Delhi fitness studio- New Delhi fit line- New Delhi Ozone fitness N spa- New Delhi Satguru machine fitness-Mumbai Proline fitness- Mumbai Herbal life- Mumbai Body grace- Mumbai Park health club-Kolkata Enkon body gym- Kolkata Source: http://business.mapsofindia.com/fitness-centres/ The entrepreneur can very well start his fitness centre in any place. It is undoubtedly a good business for him as people are very much interested in maintaining their body, mind and soul to survive as a fittest. Self Assessment Questions State true are false: Pathology clinics are meant for diagnosing and analysing various biological factors. To concentrate and focus towards one issue or object for a longer duration is very easy and feasible for all. Naturopathy deals with treatment of disorders by balancing the condition of homoeostasis and up-keeping the equilibrium through addition and deletion of substances. 10.4 Classification of health and fitness services The health and fitness services are classified according to the nature and technique provided in the centres. There are more services available for the entrepreneur to chose. It is required by the entrepreneur to gain knowledge about these health fitness and wellness products. There are facility and service providers who are mushrooming in India across the urban areas. Let us now broadly classify them. The classifications are: Gymnasiums with workout areas (fitness building): The Bodybuilding is always unique; it joins the unknown elements of human nature with nutritional science, exercise and psychology. Your workout in the gym will vary from other Bodybuilders. You have to determine the goals such as lose fat and tone up or gain weight or doing both at the same time. But it will be difficult and can lead to zigzag diets. Some workouts will provide good results and other workouts will be a waste of time. Aerobic dance and exercise centres (Physical fitness): At first, the main aim of the step-aerobic dance exercise was to achieve a heart rate of 50-60% as per the age of the individual. This was raised to 70-80% of the heart rate. The step-aerobic dance exercise was performed by all in the experimental group for the total of eight weeks time. These were choreographed by a professional step-aerobic coach. The movement were simplified and was to learn, required the use of both the upper and lower extremities and the back. Verbal and tactile prompts were given during each step-aerobic dance exercise class. The subjects in the experimental group participated in three groups of 40 minute sessions per week for four weeks initially, followed by three 50-minute sessions per week for another four weeks. Athletic club facilities, (Physical fitness keeping the sport in mind): Athletics club are offering mind body programming and facilities which can help you to obtain new level of goals of the fitness and wellness. These clubs are having a management team and provide childcare enrichment programs, nutrition and private training etc. Exercise centres and fitness salons (Physical fitness and stress relieving): These are providing the regular exercise programs. They are equipped with modern equipments which are necessary for the wellness. To remove the stress they teach meditation along with the exercises. This stress leads to unnecessary problems of the individual. Hence the technique to overcome the stress is being taught and training is given by these clubs. Fitness Spas (health building): These spas offers house spa, hydro spa, and massages etc. They provide phenomenal facilities to their customers. In addition they are providing group class training programs, including personal training. Ice skating rinks or roller skating (fitness as well as entertaining in sport): It is a place of ice skating where high tech plastic is used to skate on. And they use synthetic ice skating rink surface for easy skating. They provide ice skating and play hockey, figure skating and public skating. Squash club facilities: These squash club provides the facilities of viewing gallery for men and women in addition to the coaching given for the indoor games. There are trainers and at some clubs these training are given free for the members. Swimming pools: Constructing of such swimming pools will yield a good income to the entrepreneur as many products are to be supplied along with the construction of pool. They are to be provided with cleaning chemicals, swimming pool covers and rollers, pumps and fittings, lightings and ladders, safety equipments , separate room for men and women for their urgent needs etc. Tennis club having court facilities: These sports club is used by some people only in the society. Since this game is not that much popular and do not attract the viewers only a few are using this to play to keep them fit and proper, Tai chi studio: Tai chi referred to as meditation in movement. It is a martial art which combines physical movement and stretching technique. It teaches and promotes the health, well being and longevity. GYM: An entrepreneur can opt for this business as it is attracted many youngsters including the women. The regular exercises practices in gym help the individual to build the body and the structure including shaping. A gym is an integrated part of a health club or leisure centre which allows the users whether members or non members to exercise effectively using a wide range of resistance and cardiovascular machines. Presently many gym centres provide necessary classes on aerobics, body buildings and the ways to use the available equipments and fixtures to prevent a loss or damage to both the operator and the users. In the case of health club it may be necessary to equip a spacious fully equipped gym facility, exercise area, giving initial training, constructing a swimming pool, steam room, sauna and a club room for various social activities and a small snack cum juice bar. By adding more facilities such as internet access etc. the founders of the club will initially arrange for membership enrolment to have more viability in its operation. Gyms with workout areas Some of the health clubs have a main workout area, which primarily consists of free weights including dumbbells, barbells and exercise machines. This area often includes mirrors so that exercisers can monitor and maintain correct posture during their workout. A gym which predominately or exclusively consists of free weights (dumbbells and barbells), as opposed to exercise machines, is sometimes referred to as a black-iron gym, after the traditional colour of weight plates. Gyms with cardio facility theatre A cardio theatre or cardio area involves many types of cardiovascular training-related equipment such as treadmills, rowing machines, stationary exercise bikes etc. These areas often include a number of audio-visual displays (either integrated into the equipment, or placed on walls around the area itself) in order to keep exercisers entertained during long cardio workout sessions. Health Clubs offering various exercising facilities Most of the new health clubs offer group exercise classes that are conducted by qualified fitness instructors. Many types of group exercise classes exist, but generally these include classes based on aerobics, cycling (spin cycle), boxing or martial arts, high intensity training and muscle training. Health clubs with swimming pools sometimes offer aqua aerobics classes in addition to their coaching on various swimming styles. Health Clubs offering only sports facilities Some health clubs offer squash courts or boxing areas in addition to swimming facilities. In those cases, additional fees are charged for the use of these facilities. In addition to the above larger health clubs generally include health-shops, snack bars, restaurants, child-care facilities, member lounges etc. Where these facilities are available it is not unusual for a sauna, steam shower or wellness areas to be made available. These clubs generally charge a fee to allow visitors to use the equipments, courses and other available services. A fairly new trend is the advent of eco friendly health clubs which incorporate principles of green living in its fitness and in their systematic way of giving therapies. Due to the influences of all the above factors it results in the monthly or annual membership fees varying differently. 10.5 Equipments Accessories Now let us see the various fitness equipments and its classifications. Cardiovascular Equipments: Treadmills, stationary bicycles and stair climbers etc. comes under this category. In some places it is common to see rowing machines also. Weight Training Equipment: Weight lifting machines, barbells, various types of benches bars and racks are considered as weight training equipments. These are meant for body shaping and buildings especially for the sport communities. Weight Reduction Equipment: Weight reduction or weight loss equipment consists of more methods than any specific equipment in any particular formation. Still there are small tools like jumping rope and other handy products etc. for the needy to do exercises as all the above models of equipments mostly involve weight reduction. The exceptional ones are that you use for body buildings that too with specific in takes. The fitness industry has a huge growth potential as only 1.5% of the urban Indian population regularly practices workout. When we talk about the points of end-user segment, they are divided into two. 1) Residential or Home Segment 2) Institutional Segment Equipments for Home Segment The entrepreneur can manufacture the equipment needed for maintenance of the wellness of the people. He can supply to these clubs and fitness centres. Apart from that he can supply these equipments to the individuals who want to do exercises at home. For this he advertises in media and informs the features of the products including its spares. He sends the equipments by VPP or courier to his customers. New products with additional features are being introduced from many countries like Japan and China. The entrepreneur can deliver the equipments for residential usage some equipment. If the entrepreneur buy them for the usage in his fitness centres it is called institutional segment. The entrepreneur can save cost if purchases additional quantity of the different equipments. He can get quantity discount from his supplier. Cost The followings are the top and the entrepreneur can supply or lend them on rent to the individuals those who are not able to make use of the gym facilities are the following ones. 1. Treadmills, this will cost approximately Rs.30,000/- 2. Bikes for exercising will cost approximately four thousand to forty thousand depending upon the models and amenities available in it. 3. Small multifaceted gymnastic machine will cost Rs.18,000/- For example Home Leaper 16H, Pro Leaper 16P etc. Equipments for Institutional Segment There is a vast requirement for these equipments. The fitness equipment markets there are opportunities for the entrepreneur to start the fitness centre for the maintenance of the wellness. In India it is estimated to be worth Rs 12.5 billion in the year 2008 and is expected to reach Rs. 63.3 billion by 2012. The annual growth rate is expected to be around 50%. Hence the entrepreneur can start this fitness centres in many places of a city and can control all the branches through effective management system. The following equipments are generally installed in the fitness centres and the entrepreneur can purchase considerable quantities for meeting the demand in his centre. The important requirement for the entrepreneur is the knowledge about the equipment and the way they are to be utilised. The company which manufactures these fitness equipments are conducting training for the entrepreneurs and teaches them how to use those equipments including the trouble shooting process. Treadmill The cardio equipment in a gym is among the most popular equipment because it is the most effective equipment available there to help people lose weight and the treadmills are also of that category. Cardio equipment has one main purpose i.e. to get your heart pumping and functioning normally. Treadmill is important equipment and now-a-days insisted by many insurance companies to have the facility of treadmill even in diagnostic centres. If the necessary equipment is available with the entrepreneurial for the wellness he can earn more revenue out of it and this will be fetching for ever as this industry is growing day by day. Elliptical Machines An entrepreneur can include these Elliptical machines in his fitness centres since they used by many for performing cardiovascular exercise. Like a treadmill, this machine will be in an elliptical shape and is stationary but allows to simulate running or walking by using a rolling or gliding ramp that are moved by feet. Many elliptical machines also have handlebars that move, allowing you to get an upper-body and lower-body workout at the same time. Weight training equipment These can also be found in most gyms and generally comes in two varieties. One is for free weights such as barbells and dumbbells that can be moved around from place to place in the